蜜臀一区二区三区,盗摄,天天干,天天日,无码gif

　?。?）順酐簡介

　　(1) Introduction to Maleic Anhydride

　　順丁烯二酸酐（Maleic Anhydride，MA）簡稱順酐，又名2,5—呋喃二酮，譯名為馬來酸酐或失水蘋果酸酐，常溫下為無色針狀結(jié)晶體，有刺激性氣味與酸味，易燃，升華，易溶于水，生成順丁烯二酸（馬來酸），也溶于苯及丙酮、乙醇等有機溶劑，是一種常用的重要有機化工原料。

　　Maleic anhydride (MA), also known as 2,5-furandione or maleic anhydride, is a colorless needle shaped crystal at room temperature with a pungent odor and sour taste. It is flammable, sublimates, and easily soluble in water to form maleic acid (maleic acid), which is also soluble in organic solvents such as benzene, acetone, and ethanol. It is an important organic chemical raw material commonly used.

　　順酐作為三大有機酸酐之一（醋酐、順酐、苯酐），是用途廣泛的基本有機化工原料，已有70余年的歷史。順酐由于含有共軛順?；?，其中1個乙烯基相連兩個羰基，所以化學(xué)性質(zhì)非常活潑，很容易通過光化反應(yīng)、加成反應(yīng)、酰胺化反應(yīng)、酯化反應(yīng)、磺化反應(yīng)、水合反應(yīng)、氧化反應(yīng)、還原反應(yīng)、加氫反應(yīng)等衍化產(chǎn)生眾多的下游產(chǎn)品，廣泛應(yīng)用于不飽和聚酯樹脂、涂料、油漆、油墨、工程塑料、醫(yī)藥、農(nóng)藥、食品、飼料、油品添加劑、造紙、紡織等行業(yè)。

　　As one of the three major organic anhydrides (acetic anhydride, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride), maleic anhydride is a widely used basic organic chemical raw material with a production history of more than 70 years. Maleic anhydride, due to its conjugated acyl group, has two carbonyl groups connected to one vinyl group, making it highly reactive in chemical properties. It can easily be derived into numerous downstream products through photochemical reactions, addition reactions, amidation reactions, esterification reactions, sulfonation reactions, hydration reactions, oxidation reactions, reduction reactions, hydrogenation reactions, etc. It is widely used in the production of unsaturated polyester resins, coatings, paints, inks, engineering plastics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food, feed, oil additives, papermaking, textiles and other industries.

　　以順酐為原料的化學(xué)品如丁二酸酐、γ-丁內(nèi)酯、1,4-丁二醇、四氫呋喃、四氫苯酐、六氫苯酐、L-天門冬氨酸、丙氨酸以及這些產(chǎn)品的次級衍品如PTMEG、PBT等屬于目前用途廣泛、國內(nèi)市場暢銷的化工原料。順酐主要下游用途如下：

　　Chemicals produced from maleic anhydride, such as succinic anhydride, gamma butyrolactone, 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, L-aspartic acid, alanine, and their secondary derivatives such as PTMEG and PBT, are currently widely used and best-selling chemical raw materials in the domestic market. The main downstream uses of maleic anhydride are as follows:

　?、俨伙柡途埘渲?/p>

　?、?Unsaturated polyester resin

　　不飽和聚酯樹脂（UPR）是順酐與二元醇經(jīng)縮聚脫水，再加入交聯(lián)劑苯乙烯制得的不飽和線性聚酯類聚合物；外觀為透明、淡黃或褐色粘稠液體，具有優(yōu)良的物理機械性能和耐腐蝕性能，可常溫常壓條件下固化成型，加工工藝簡單，目前已成為熱固型樹脂的主要產(chǎn)品之一，在工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、交通運輸、建筑、工藝美術(shù)品等諸多行業(yè)具有廣泛的用途。

　　Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is an unsaturated linear polyester polymer produced by the condensation and dehydration of maleic anhydride and diols, followed by the addition of crosslinking agent styrene; The appearance is transparent, light yellow or brown viscous liquid, with excellent physical and mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. It can be cured under normal temperature and pressure conditions and has a simple processing technology. It has become one of the main products of thermosetting resins and has a wide range of applications in many industries such as industry, agriculture, transportation, construction, arts and crafts.

　　UPR的主要用途大致可以分為增強型（FRP）和非增強型兩大類，其中FRP（俗稱玻璃鋼），主要應(yīng)用在下述領(lǐng)域：

　　The main uses of UPR can be roughly divided into two categories: reinforced plastic (FRP) and non reinforced plastic. Among them, FRP (commonly known as fiberglass) is mainly used in the following fields:

　　A、建筑：活動房屋、波形瓦、門窗、落水管、高位水箱、涼水塔、通風管道、成套衛(wèi)生浴具、建筑裝修材料等。

　　A. Architecture: mobile homes, corrugated tiles, doors and windows, downspouts, high-level water tanks, cooling towers, ventilation ducts, complete sets of sanitary bathing equipment, building decoration materials, etc.

　　B、汽車、船舶制造：汽車零件、保險杠、車船殼體、中小型船舶船身、零部件等。

　　B. Automotive and shipbuilding: automotive parts, bumpers, vehicle and vessel shells, small and medium-sized ship hulls, components, etc.

　　C、防腐管道、槽、罐容器等。

　　C. Anti corrosion pipelines, tanks, containers, etc.

　　D、新能源：風力發(fā)電機的風扇、支架，太陽能熱水器的框架、支撐件等。

　　D. New energy: fans and brackets for wind turbines, frames and supports for solar water heaters, etc.

　　E、文娛、體育：水滑梯、游艇、碰碰車、摩托艇、運動帆板、帆船、高爾夫球棒、棒、壘球棒、保齡球、冰球桿、撐桿跳桿、雙杠、高低杠、漁具等。

　　E. Entertainment and sports: water slides, yachts, bumper cars, motorboats, sports windsurfing, sailing, golf clubs, sticks, softball sticks, bowling, ice hockey sticks, pole vaulting poles, parallel bars, uneven bars, fishing gear, etc.

　　我國在上述增強型制品中，建材制品前景廣闊，汽車、船舶制造方面應(yīng)用尚少，而管道、容器類產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)批量出口美國和東南亞各國，其它領(lǐng)域尚待開發(fā)。

　　Among the enhanced products mentioned above, building materials have broad prospects in China, but their applications in automotive and shipbuilding are still limited. Pipeline and container products have already been exported in bulk to the United States and Southeast Asian countries, while other fields still need to be developed.

　　非增強型UPR制品大致有：鈕扣（已基本上取代了聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂，俗稱有機玻璃）、工藝飾品、兒童玩具、家具、人造瑪瑙、人造大理石、人造花崗巖、寶麗板用涂料、汽車用原子灰（聚酯膩子）、聚合物混凝土等，其中工藝飾品和兒童玩具的出口量巨大。

　　Non reinforced UPR products generally include buttons (which have basically replaced polymethyl methacrylate, commonly known as organic glass), craft jewelry, children's toys, furniture, artificial agate, artificial marble, artificial granite, polystyrene board coatings, automotive atomic ash (polyester putty), polymer concrete, etc. Among them, the export volume of craft jewelry and children's toys is huge.

　?、?,4-丁二醇、四氫呋喃等順酐加氫產(chǎn)品

　?、?1,4-Butanediol, tetrahydrofuran and other maleic anhydride hydrogenation products

　　1,4-丁二醇（BDO）是一種重要的精細化工基礎(chǔ)原料，是順酐深加工系列產(chǎn)品中具有較強生命力，應(yīng)用不斷拓展的產(chǎn)品。BDO用途廣泛，其衍生物更是附加值高的精細化工產(chǎn)品，廣泛用于溶劑、醫(yī)藥、化妝品、增塑劑、固化劑、農(nóng)藥、除銹劑、泡沫人造革、纖維、工程塑料等領(lǐng)域。

　　1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an important fine chemical raw material and a product with strong vitality and constantly expanding applications in the deep processing series of maleic anhydride products. BDO is widely used, and its derivatives are fine chemical products with high added value, widely used in solvent, medicine, cosmetics, plasticizer, curing agent, pesticide, rust remover, foam artificial leather, fiber, engineering plastics and other fields.

　?、鄹获R酸

　?、?Fumaric acid

　　富馬酸與順酐同樣具有共軛順?；?，化學(xué)性質(zhì)非?；顫?，可以廣泛應(yīng)用于涂料、樹脂、醫(yī)藥、增塑劑、食品添加劑（用于飲料、果凍、水果糖、冰淇淋、淀粉類熟食品、水果、鮮肉、蔬菜等作為酸味劑和保鮮劑）。飼料級富馬酸及其衍品富馬酸二甲脂用作酸性防腐劑，可提高飼料的口感和利用效率；工業(yè)級富馬酸則被用作不飽和聚酯樹脂（UPR）和醇酸樹脂以及電泳漆的原料；用富馬酸的L—天門冬氨酸是醫(yī)藥用氨基酸輸液中的重要組份。

　　Fumaric acid, like maleic anhydride, has conjugated acyl groups and is highly reactive in chemical properties. It can be widely used in coatings, resins, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, and food additives (used in the production of beverages, jellies, fruit candies, ice cream, starch based cooked foods, fruits, fresh meat, vegetables, etc. as an acidifier and preservative). Feed grade fumaric acid and its derivative product dimethyl fumarate can be used as acidic preservatives to improve the taste and utilization efficiency of feed; Industrial grade fumaric acid is used as a raw material for the production of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), alkyd resin, and electrophoretic paint; L-aspartic acid produced from fumaric acid is an important component in pharmaceutical amino acid infusion solutions.

　?、芡苛稀⒂推?/p>

　?、?Coatings and paints

　　油漆行業(yè)是順酐的重要用戶，但是順酐在涂料油漆行業(yè)更多是應(yīng)用于合成涂料的成膜物質(zhì)（即表面涂層如鋼琴、吧臺、家具的表面裝飾層等，適用于基材為木質(zhì)、金屬或樹脂，保護及裝飾效果突出），產(chǎn)品品種有水性漆、油性漆和合成樹脂漆等，如醇酸樹脂漆、環(huán)氧樹脂漆、酚醛樹脂漆、聚酯涂料、天然樹脂漆、順丁烯二酸酐松香脂和桐油順丁烯二酸酐樹脂等，品種類別繁多。

　　The paint industry is an important user of maleic anhydride, but in the coatings and paint industry, maleic anhydride is mostly used as a film-forming substance for synthetic coatings (i.e. surface coatings such as pianos, bars, and furniture decorative layers, suitable for substrates made of wood, metal, or resin, with outstanding protective and decorative effects). The product varieties include water-based paints, oil-based paints, and synthetic resin paints, such as alkyd resin paint, epoxy resin paint, phenolic resin paint, polyester paint, natural resin paint, maleic anhydride rosin resin, and tung oil maleic anhydride resin, with a wide variety of types.

　?、蒉r(nóng)用化學(xué)品

　?、?Agricultural chemicals

　　順酐是幾種重要的殺蟲劑、除草劑和植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑的原料。我國是糧食總產(chǎn)量世界的農(nóng)業(yè)大國，在農(nóng)用殺蟲劑、除草劑和植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑方面的應(yīng)用前途非常廣闊。

　　Maleic anhydride is a raw material for several important insecticides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators. China is the world's largest agricultural country in terms of total grain production, and its application prospects in agricultural insecticides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators are very broad.

　?。?）順酐行業(yè)發(fā)展概況

　　(2) Overview of the Development of the Maleic Anhydride Industry

　　我國順酐的工業(yè)化始于上世紀 60 年代，初只有上海和天津建成了兩套 100 噸每年的裝置。上世紀六十年代末，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)對新型、低毒農(nóng)藥馬拉硫磷需求的迅速增長，順酐進入快速發(fā)展期。

　　The industrial production of maleic anhydride in our country began in the 1960s, when only Shanghai and Tianjin built two sets of 100 ton annual production facilities. In the late 1960s, with the rapid growth of demand for the new efficient and low toxicity pesticide malathion in agricultural production, the production of maleic anhydride entered a period of rapid development.

　　截 1979 年，我國順酐的單位有 51 家，分布于全國 19 個省份，裝置的平均能力在 100噸 300 噸每年。隨著改革開放政策的實施和深入開展，我國國民經(jīng)濟迅速發(fā)展，也給順酐行業(yè)的提供了良好的發(fā)展機遇。1993 年，我國順酐的產(chǎn)能為 3.94萬噸每年；2021 年，我國順酐產(chǎn)能已達到 168.60 萬噸每年，二十多年間增長了約 43 倍，年均增長速度為 14.36%。

　　As of 1979, there were 51 units in China producing maleic anhydride, distributed in 19 provinces across the country, with an average production capacity of 100 to 300 tons per year. With the implementation and deepening of the national reform and opening-up policy, China's national economy has developed rapidly, providing good development opportunities for the maleic anhydride industry. In 1993, the annual production capacity of maleic anhydride in China was 39400 tons; In 2021, China's production capacity of maleic anhydride has reached 1.686 million tons per year, an increase of about 43 times over the past 20 years, with an average annual growth rate of 14.36%.

　　本文由順酐廠家向大家友情奉獻.更多有關(guān)的知識請點擊:http://www.bj1866.cn 我們將傾情為您解答.

　　This article is a friendly tribute from the manufacturer of maleic anhydride to everyone For more information, please click: http://www.bj1866.cn We will wholeheartedly provide you with answers